NO POVERTY

1

One of the most serious issues confronting humanity today is the eradication of all forms of  poverty. Amidst the fact that the number of people living in extreme poverty declined by more  than half between 1990 and 2015, far too many individuals continue to struggle to meet even  the most basic requirements.

In 2015, around 736 million individuals earned less than $1.90 per day, with many without access  to food, safe drinking water, and sanitary facilities. Regardless of the fact that China and India's  rapid growth have lifted millions out of poverty, progress has been uneven. Women are more  likely to be poor than men since they have less paid work, and education, and possess less  property.

Other regions, such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, account for 80% of the poor. Climate  change, war, and food insecurity are all new threats that demand a more determined effort to  bring people out of poverty.

The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what was started by 2030 and eradicate poverty in all  its forms and dimensions. Prioritizing the most vulnerable people, improving basic supplies and  services, and supporting communities damaged by conflict and natural disasters all fall under this  category.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages  living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

• Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all,  including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

• By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have  equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and  control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate  new technology and financial services, including microfinance

• By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce  their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic,  social and environmental shocks and disasters

• Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through  enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means  for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement  programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

• Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based  on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated  investment in poverty eradication actions

ZERO HUNGER

2

As a result of strong economic growth and rising agricultural output, the number of  undernourished individuals has decreased by half during the last two decades. Many developing  countries that once faced famine and hunger can now meet their citizens' nutritional needs. In  Central and East Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, extreme hunger has been effectively  eradicated. 

Unfortunately, extreme hunger and malnutrition are huge obstacles to growth in many  countries. As of 2017, an estimated 821 million people were suffering from chronic malnutrition,  primarily as a result of environmental deterioration, drought, and biodiversity loss. Around 90  million children under the age of five are considered severely underweight. Undernourishment  and severe food insecurity appear to be on the rise in practically all of Africa and South America. 

The SDGs aims to eliminate all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, ensuring that  everyone, especially children, has year-round access to sufficient and nutritious food. Advocating  for sustainable agriculture, aiding small-scale farmers, and ensuring equitable access to land,  technology, and markets are all part of this. International cooperation is also critical for ensuring  investments in infrastructure and technologies that will enhance agricultural productivity.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally  agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the  nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.

• By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers,  in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers,  including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs,  knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm  employment.

• By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural  practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that  strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought,  flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.

• By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and  domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed  and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and  promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization  of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.

• Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural  infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and  plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in  developing countries, in particular least developed countries.

• Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets,  including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and  all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha  Development Round 

• Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their  derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves,  in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

3

We have made significant progress in addressing a number of major causes of death and disease.  Life expectancy has greatly increased, infant and maternal mortality rates have decreased, HIV  has been eradicated, and malaria deaths have been cut in half.

Good health is essential for sustainable development, and the 2030 Agenda recognizes the two's  complexity and interconnectedness. It takes into account rising economic and social inequalities,  greater urbanization, climate and environmental concerns, the ongoing burden of HIV and other  infectious diseases, and emerging challenges such as noncommunicable diseases. SDG 3,  eradicating poverty and reducing inequality, will necessitate universal health coverage. Emerging  global health challenges that are not directly addressed in the SDGs, such as antibiotic resistance,  also require attention.

The world, however, is falling short of the SDGs for health. Progress has been inconsistent, both  within and across countries. The countries with the shortest and longest life expectancies differ  by 31 years. While some countries have made significant progress, national averages hide the  fact that many are falling behind. Multisectoral, rights-based, and gender-sensitive methods are  needed to decrease injustices and promote good health for all.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.

• By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all  countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births  and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births.

• By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases  and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.

• By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases  through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.

• Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug  abuse and harmful use of alcohol.

• By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.

• By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,  including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of  reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.

• Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality  essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable  essential medicines and vaccines for all.

• By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous  chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.

• Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention  on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate.

• Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable  and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access  to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration  on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries  to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual  Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide  access to medicines for all.

• Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and  retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed  countries and small island developing States.

• Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early  warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.

QUALITY EDUCATION

4

Since 2000, great progress has been made toward the goal of universal primary education. In  2015, the overall enrolment rate in emerging countries reached 91 percent, and the global  number of children out of school has decreased by nearly half. Literacy rates have also increased  significantly, with more girls in school than ever before. These are all incredible actions. 

Progress in some emerging regions has also been difficult due to high levels of poverty, violent  wars, and other disasters. The ongoing armed conflict in Western Asia and North Africa has  resulted in a rise in the number of children dropping out of school. This is a concerning pattern.  While Sub-Saharan Africa made the most progress in terms of primary school enrolment among  all regions, achieving inclusive and high-quality education for everyone retains the notion that  education is one of the most potent and well-proven long-term development engines. By 2030,  all girls and boys will have completed free primary and secondary school. It also aspires to  establish universal access to high-quality higher education, erase gender and economic gaps, and  give equitable access to low-cost vocational training.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and  secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes.

• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood  development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary  education.

• By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical,  vocational and tertiary education, including university.

• By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills,  including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and  entrepreneurship.

• By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels  of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with  disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations.

• By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and  women, achieve literacy and numeracy.

• By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote  sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable  development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a  culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural  diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development.

• Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and  provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.

• By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to  developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing  States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational  training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and  scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries.

• By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through  international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least  developed countries and small island developing states.

GENDER EQUALITY

5

Eliminating all types of discrimination against women and girls is not only a fundamental human  right, but it is also vital for the long-term future. It has been shown that empowering women and  girls fosters economic progress.

In addition, even though there are more women working than ever before, several sectors still  endure significant disparities, with women frequently not being granted the same job rights as men.

Significant barriers still exist, including unequal access to unpaid domestic and care labour,  sexual abuse and exploitation, and discrimination in public employment. Disasters, war, and  migration continue to have a disproportionately negative effect on women and children.

It is crucial that women have equal access to technology, the internet, sexual and reproductive  health, and land and property. While there are more women in public office than ever before,  encouraging more women to occupy leadership positions will advance gender equality.

Goal Targets

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.

• Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private  spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.

• Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital  mutilation.

• Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public  services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared  responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate.

• Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at  all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life.

• Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as  agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on  Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome  documents of their review conferences.

• Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access  to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services,  inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws.

• Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications  technology, to promote the empowerment of women.

• Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of  gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels.

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

6

Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the population, and as temperatures rise, this alarming  figure is anticipated to rise even further. Even though 2.1 billion people have improved their  water sanitation since 1990, the availability of drinking water is declining across all continents.

A rising number of countries are experiencing water stress, and the drought and desertification  issues are already becoming worse. At least one in four people are expected to endure ongoing  water shortages by 2050.

To assure to that everyone has access to clean, affordable drinking water by 2030, it is important  that we make the necessary infrastructure investments, provide hygienic facilities, and  encourage good hygiene. It is important to preserve and restore water-related ecosystems.

Universal access to affordable, clean drinking water requires both reaching the 800 million  people who need basic services and improving the accessibility and security of services for over  two billion people. 

In 2015, 2.3 billion people lacked access to even the most fundamental sanitation, while 4.5  billion need safely managed sanitation services (including properly disposed or treated excreta).

Goal Targets

• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for  all. 

• By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end  open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in  vulnerable situations. 

• By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and  minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of  untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. 

• By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure  sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and  substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.

• By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including  through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.

• By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,  wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes. 

• By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing  countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water  harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse  technologies. 

• Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and  sanitation management.

AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

7

People with access to electricity increased from 78 to 90 percent of the population between 2000  and 2018, while those without it decreased to 789 million.

But as the population grows, there will be a larger need for affordable energy, and the use of  fossil fuels in our economy is significantly altering the climate.

By 2030, we need to invest in thermal, wind, and solar energy, enhancing energy productivity, and ensure that everyone has access to energy.

Modernizing technologies and building new infrastructure will enable all countries to produce  energy that is cleaner and more efficient, which will advance development and be beneficial to  the environment.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

• By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

• By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

• By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research  and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner  fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy  technology.

• By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and  sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed  countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries.

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

8

Despite the global recession and the long-lasting consequences of the 2008 economic crisis, there  are now much fewer workers who live in extreme poverty than there were 25 years back. With a  rise of threefold between 1991 and 2015, the middle class now employs more than 34% of the  population in developing countries.

However, while the global economy continues to improve, we are seeing slower growth,  increased inequality, and a lack of jobs to meet the demands of a growing labour force. There  were nearly 204 million unemployed persons in the world as of 2015, according to the  International Labour Organization.

The SDGs promote technological advancement, increased productivity, and stable economic  growth. In addition to promoting business and job creation, this requires action measures to put  an end to forced labour, slavery, and human trafficking. All men and women are expected to have  respectable jobs by the year 2030, along with full and productive employment.

Goal Targets

• Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in  particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least  developed countries.

• Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological  upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour intensive sectors.

• Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job  creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization  and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to  financial services.

• Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and  production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental  degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable  consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead.

• By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and  men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of  equal value.

• By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or  training.

• Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery  and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of  child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour  in all its forms.

• Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers,  including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious  employment.

• By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs  and promotes local culture and products.

• Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access  to banking, insurance and financial services for all.

• Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed  countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related  Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries.

• By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and  implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization.

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

9

Investment in infrastructure and innovation perform a significant role in the development and  expansion of the economy. Considering that more than half of the world's population now lives  in cities, the significance of public transportation, renewable energy, the growth of new sectors,  and information and communication technology is rising.

The development of technology is necessary for a long-term solution to economic and  environmental issues, such as generating new employment opportunities and promoting energy  efficiency. Investing in innovation and scientific research, as well as encouraging sustainable  industries, are all effective ways to assist sustainable development.

Over 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90% of those without it come  from developing nations. Considerable progress must be performed to assure to equal access to  knowledge and information, encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, and close the digital  divide.

Goal Targets

• Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and  transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being,  with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.

• Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise  industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national  circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries.

• Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in  developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their  integration into value chains and markets.

• By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with  increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally  sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in  accordance with their respective capabilities.

• Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in  all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging  innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers  per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.

• Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries  through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries,  least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing  States 18.

• Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing  countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial  diversification and value addition to commodities.

• Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to  provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by  2020.

REDUCED INEQUALITIES

10

The richest 10% of people earn up to 40% of global income, while the lowest 10% earn only 2– 7%. Income inequality is increasing. When population growth is considered, inequality in  developing countries has grown by 11%.

Income disparities have increased everywhere in recent decades, however at varied rates. The Middle East has the highest while Europe has the lowest.

Because of these expanding inequalities, stable policies are required to ensure economic  participation of all people, regardless of gender, race, or other factors.

Global solutions are required to address income disparities. This includes improving the  regulation and control of financial markets and institutions, as well as increasing development  aid and foreign direct investment in places where it is most needed. Facilitating safe migration  and individual mobility is also crucial to bridging the divide.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of  the population at a rate higher than the national average.

• By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all,  irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other  status.

• Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating  discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies  and action in this regard.

• Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively  achieve greater equality.

• Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and  strengthen the implementation of such regulations.

• Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in  global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective,  credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.

• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people,  including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.

• Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in  particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization  agreements.

• Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct  investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries,  African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in  accordance with their national plans and programmes.

• By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and  eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

11

We live in cities—more than half of us. Two-thirds of the world's population, or 6.5 billion people,  will live in cities by 2050. Without a substantial shift in the way we design and maintain our urban  environments, sustainable growth cannot be accomplished.

Slum is becoming a major aspect of urban life due to the fast expansion of cities, caused by  growing populations and increased migration, especially in developing countries.

Sustainable city development necessitates the establishment of resilient societies and  economies, safe and affordable housing, and career and business opportunities. It includes  investments in public transportation, the development of green public spaces, and improved  urban planning and administration through inclusive and participatory methods.

Goal Targets

• By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services  and upgrade slums. 

• By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems  for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special  attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with  disabilities and older persons.

• By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,  integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.

• Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.

• By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected  and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic  product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting  the poor and people in vulnerable situations.

• By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying  special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.

• By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public  spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.

• Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban  and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.

• By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and  implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency,  mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and  implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,  holistic disaster risk management at all levels. 

• Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance,  in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials.

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

12

To achieve economic growth and sustainable development, we must urgently reduce our  ecological footprint by changing how we produce and consume goods and resources. Agriculture  is the world's largest water user, and irrigation now accounts for over 70% of all freshwaters  utilized for human use.

The proper management of our common natural resources, as well as the disposal of toxic waste  and pollutants, are key targets for carrying out this goal. Encourage industries, businesses, and  consumers to recycle and reduce waste, and aid developing countries in moving to more  sustainable consumption practices by 2030.

A substantial section of the world's population continues to consume much too little to meet  even their most basic needs. Cutting global food waste per head of population at the retailer and  consumer levels is also critical for building more efficient production and supply networks. This  has the potential to improve food security and help direct us toward a more resource-efficient  economy.

Goal Targets

• Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and  production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking  into account the development and capabilities of developing countries.

• By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.

• By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce  food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses.

• By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes  throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and  significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse  impacts on human health and the environment.

• By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling  and reuse.

• Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable  practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle.

• Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national  policies and priorities.

• By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness  for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature.

• Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to  move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production.

• Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for  sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products.

• Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by  removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by  restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to  reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and  conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their  development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities.

CLIMATE ACTION

13

Every nation is being affected by climate change. By now, greenhouse gas emissions have  increased by more than 50% since 1990. If we do nothing, global warming will cause permanent  alterations to our climate system and produce long-term impacts.

Disasters caused by climate change cause annual average losses in the hundreds of billions of  dollars. Not to mention the human impact of geophysical disasters, which between 1998 and  2017 resulted in 1.3 million fatalities and at least 4.4 billion injuries and are 91 percent climate  related. By 2020, it is intended to generate $100 billion annually to help poor countries with their  needs for climate change adaptation and investments in low-carbon growth.

Supporting vulnerable regions will directly affect Goal 13 and the other SDGs. These steps must  be taken with attempts to include disaster risk reduction measures, sustainable natural resource  management, and human security into national development strategies. With strong political  will, increased investments, and the use of existing technology, it is still possible to restrict the  increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, aiming  for 1.5°C, but this requires immediate and serious collective action.

Goal Targets

• Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural  disasters in all countries.

• Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning.

• Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate  change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.

• Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United  Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100  billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in  the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and  fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible.

• Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning  and management in least developed countries and small island developing States,  including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities.

LIFE BELOW WATER

14

Global processes that make the Earth habitable for people are controlled by the temperature,  chemistry, currents, and life of the world's oceans. How we manage this unique resource is crucial  for both humanity as a whole and for minimizing the effects of climate change.

More than three billion people rely for a living on marine and coastal biodiversity. However, 30  percent of the world's fish stocks are already overexploited, with yields dropping below  sustainable levels.

Additionally, the oceans absorb about 30% of the carbon dioxide that humans produce, and since  the start of the industrial revolution, ocean acidification has increased by 26%. An average of  13,000 pieces of plastic waste have been found on every square kilometre of water, indicating  that most of the marine pollution comes from land.

The SDGs target both the effects of ocean acidification and the management and protection of  marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution. International law can also help to mitigate some  of the problems with our oceans by enhancing protection and the sustainable use of ocean-based  resources.

Goal Targets

• By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from  land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.

• By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid  significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action  for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans.

• Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced  scientific cooperation at all levels.

• By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and  unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based  management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to  levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological  characteristics.

• By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with  national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.

• By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity  and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and  unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that  appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least  developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries  subsidies negotiation.

• By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least  developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through  sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.

• Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology,  taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and  Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and  to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing  countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.

• Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets.

• Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by  implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal  framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as  recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want.

LIFE ON LAND

15

The land and the ocean are both necessary for human survival and livelihood. Humans rely  heavily on agriculture for economic resources, and plants supply 80% of their food. Forests  encompass 30% of the Earth's surface and are critical for averting climate change as well as being  home to millions of species and key sources of clean air and water.

As a result of the ongoing degradation of drylands, 3.6 billion hectares of land have become  desertified, affecting impoverished populations disproportionately. Every year, 13 million  hectares of forest are destroyed.

Even though 15% of land remains protected, biodiversity is under threat. Over 7,000 plant and  animal species have been illegally traded. Wildlife trafficking not only depletes biodiversity, but  also contributes to insecurity, conflict, and corruption.

Urgent action is needed to prevent the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity, which are part  of our common heritage, as well as to enhance global food and water security, climate change  mitigation and adaptation, and peace and security.

Goal Targets

• By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland  freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and  drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements.

• By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests,  halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and  reforestation globally.

• By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected  by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral  world.

• By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in  order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable  development.

• Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the  loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.

• Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.

• Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna  and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.

• By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the  impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate  the priority species.

• By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning,  development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.

• Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and  sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.

• Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable  forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance  such management, including for conservation and reforestation.

• Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected  species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable  livelihood opportunities.

PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

16

Without peace, stability, respect for human rights, and effective government established on the  rule of law, we cannot expect sustained progress. But the divisions in the world are growing.  While some areas enjoy peace, safety, and prosperity, others are mired in never-ending cycles of  conflict and violence. This is avoidable and needs to be taken care of.

Armed conflict and insecurity hinder economic growth and frequently lead to enduring unrest,  which is detrimental to a nation's development. In places where there is war or no rule of law,  sexual assault, crime, exploitation, and torture are also frequent, therefore nations must take  steps to protect those who are most vulnerable.

The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence while also collaborating with  governments and communities to put an end to war and insecurity. The advancement of the rule  of law and human rights, the cessation of the flow of illicit weapons, and a greater involvement  of developing countries in the institutions of global governance are all necessary for achieving  this.

Goal Targets

• Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere.

• End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of  children. 

• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access  to justice for all.

• By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and  return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime.

• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms.

• Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels.

• Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all  levels.

• Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of  global governance.

• By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration.

• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance  with national legislation and international agreements.

• Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for  building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence  and combat terrorism and crime.

• Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development.

PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS​

17

Only through effective international collaboration and partnerships can the SDGs be achieved. At  US$147 billion in 2017, official development assistance remained steady but fell short of  expectations. More funding and assistance are still needed to address humanitarian problems  brought on by conflicts or disasters. To encourage trade and economic development, many  nations also require official development assistance.

More than ever, the world is connected. One of the most effective methods for promoting  innovation and idea sharing is to increase access to information and technology. For sustainable  growth and development, it is crucial that policies supporting debt management in developing  nations and investment in the least developed nations are organized.

By assisting national strategies in achieving each of the targets, the goals seek to enhance North South and South-South collaboration. Building a global, rules-based, and equitable trading  system that is just and open to all requires promoting international trade and helping developing  countries increase their exports.

Goal Targets

Finance 

• Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to  developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection.

• Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance  commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the  target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of  ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting  a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries.

• Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources.

• Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated  policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as  appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce  debt distress.

• Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries.

Technology

• Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation  on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on  mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing  mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism.

• Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally  sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on  concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed.

• Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation  capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use  of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology.

Capacity building

• Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in  developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development  goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation.

Trade

• Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral  trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of  negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda.

• Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to  doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020.

• Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting  basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization  decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from  least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating  market access.

Systemic issues 

Policy and institutional coherence 

• Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence.

• Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development.

• Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies  for poverty eradication and sustainable development.

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

• Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and  financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in  all countries, in particular developing countries.

• Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships,  building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships.

Data, monitoring, and accountability

• By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least  developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the  availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age,  race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics  relevant in national contexts.

• By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on  sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support  statistical capacity-building in developing countries.